Upon completion of each activity, participants should be able to: 

Shared Decision-Making 

• Explain the different types of decision-making. 
• Establish which type of decision-making the patient prefers and recall that the physician should engage in whichever method the patient chooses. 
• Describe the advantages of shared decision-making. 
• List different tools and techniques that the physician can use to aid the patient in shared decision-making. 

End-of-Life 

• Provide guidance to clinicians about preparing for and dealing with end-of-life discussions in a cardiothoracic surgery patient.  
• Understand when end-of-life care issues should be raised.  
• Acknowledge when care teams and patient families should meet. Discuss ways to approach patients with strong and unique religious beliefs.  

LGBTQ+ Care 

• Understand the perioperative considerations for a transgender patient. 
• Discuss the different types of family support for the LGBTQ+ patient population.  
• Understand the different types of bereavement options for the LGBTQ+ patient population. 

Cross-Racial Care 

• Understand the relationship between racial/ethnic disparities and access to healthcare.   
• Understand why disparities in healthcare occur.   
• Identify strategies to lessen barriers and achieve effective care for all. 

Implicit Bias in Medical Care 

• Understand the definition of implicit bias. 
• Understand how implicit bias negatively impacts health care.   
• Understand how one can become more aware of this phenomenon globally which, by definition, one does not have actual awareness of in themselves.   

Patient-Centered Disabilities 

• Understand and be able to identify how patient disabilities can affect clinical care.   
• Understand national policy and legislation that protect the rights of people with disabilities. 
• Identify and apply various accommodation methods to facilitate inclusion of patients with disabilities.